The beneficial effects of a water-based aerobic exercise session on the blood lipids of women with dyslipidemia are independent of their training status

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the acute effects of a session of water-based aerobic exercise on the blood lipid levels of women with dyslipidemia and to compare these results according to their training status. METHOD: Fourteen premenopausal women with dyslipidemia, aged 40-50 years, participated in two water-based aerobic exercise sessions, the first when they were generally sedentary and the second after they were trained with a water-based aerobic training program for 12 weeks. Both experimental sessions were performed using the same protocol, lasted 45 min, and incorporated an interval method, alternating 3 min at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 13 and 2 min at an RPE of 9. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) were obtained through venous blood collection before and immediately after each session. A generalized estimating equation method and Bonferroni tests were conducted (with time and training status as factors) for statistical analyses. RESULTS: At enrollment, the mean age of the participants was 46.57 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 44.81−48.34). The statistical analyses showed a significant time effect for all variables (TC: p=0.008; TG: p=0.012; HDL: p<0.001; LPL: p<0.001) except for LDL (p=0.307). However, the training status effect was not significant for any variable (TC: p=0.527; TG: p=0.899; HDL: p=0.938; LDL: p=0.522; LPL: p=0.737). These results indicate that the TC and TG levels reduced and the HDL and LPL concentrations increased from pre- to post-session in similar magnitudes in both sedentary and trained women. CONCLUSIONS: A single water-based aerobic exercise session is sufficient and effective to beneficially modify the lipid profile of women with dyslipidemia, regardless of their training status.

Effects of high-intensity intermittent training on carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats

We examined the capacity of high-intensity intermittent training (HI-IT) to facilitate the delivery of lipids to enzymes responsible for oxidation, a task performed by the carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) system in the rat gastrocnemius muscle. Male adult Wistar rats (160-250 g) were randomly distributed into 3 groups: sedentary (Sed, N = 5), HI-IT (N = 10), and moderate-intensity continuous training (MI-CT, N = 10). The trained groups were exercised for 8 weeks with a 10% (HI-IT) and a 5% (MI-CT) overload. The HI-IT group presented 11.8% decreased weight gain compared to the Sed group. The maximal activities of CPT-I, CPT-II, and citrate synthase were all increased in the HI-IT group compared to the Sed group (P < 0.01), as also was gene expression, measured by RT-PCR, of fatty acid binding protein (FABP; P < 0.01) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL; P < 0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase also presented a higher maximal activity (nmol·min-1·mg protein-1) in HI-IT (around 83%). We suggest that 8 weeks of HI-IT enhance mitochondrial lipid transport capacity thus facilitating the oxidation process in the gastrocnemius muscle. This adaptation may also be associated with the decrease in weight gain observed in the animals and was concomitant to a higher gene expression of both FABP and LPL in HI-IT, suggesting that intermittent exercise is a "time-efficient" strategy inducing metabolic adaptation.

The influence of fasting/refeeding on the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue and muscle

Lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue and muscle is modulated by changes in the pattern of food intake. We have measured total lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue and muscle of male Wistar rats (N = 6-10), weighing 200-250 g (12 weeks), during the refeeding/fasting state following 24 h of fasting. Lipoprotein lipase activity in tissue homogenates was evaluated using a [³H]-triolein-containing substrate, and released [³H]-free fatty acids were extracted and quantified by liquid scintillation. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity did not completely recover within 2 h of refeeding (60 percent of refed ad libitum values). Cardiac lipoprotein lipase activity remained increased even 2 h after refeeding (100 percent of refed ad libitum values), whereas no significant changes were observed in the soleus and diaphragm muscles. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activities were consistently higher than the highest skeletal muscle or heart values. It is therefore likely that adipose tissue, rather than muscle makes the major contribution to triacylglycerol clearance. There was concomitant relatively high lipoprotein lipase activity in both adipose tissue and cardiac muscle during the first few hours of refeeding, therefore cardiac muscle may contribute significantly to triacylglycerol clearance during this period. The results suggest that during fasting, increased lipoprotein lipase activity provides a complementary source of free fatty acids from circulating triacylglycerol, allowing the heart to maintain its continuous, high-energy expenditure

Hepatoprotective action of abhrak bhasma, an ayurvedic drug in albino rats against hepatitis induced by CCl4.

Abhrak bhasma is a commonly used ayurvedic drug against many diseases including hepatitis. It is tested in albino rats using a model of hepatitis induced by a single dose of CCl4 (3 ml/kg body wt). Different doses of abhrak bhasma (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg body wt) were tested to decide the dose related hepatoprotective efficacy. The centrolobular necrosis induced by single dose of CCl4 was reduced significantly by abhrak bhasma (10 mg) and liver histology was also protected by 20 mg dose. Liver acid lipase activity was lowered, while alkaline and lipoprotein lipase activities were elevated due to treatment of single dose of CCl4. Abhrak bhasma counteracted the action of CCl4 on liver lipolytic enzymes. CCl4 did not alter the kidney histologically. Activities of three lipases of rat kidney (acid, alkaline and lipoprotein lipases) were reduced by CCl4 treatment and were reversed by administration of abhrak bhasma. Acid lipase activity of rat adipose tissue was reduced by CCl4 treatment. On the contrary alkaline, lipoprotein and hormone sensitive lipases were enhanced after 24 hr of administration of CCl4. Acid lipase activity was raised by administration of different doses of abhrak bhasma concurrent with CCl4. Abhrak bhasma treatment along with CCl4 enhanced alkaline lipase activity at 10 and 20 mg dose and later it was reduced at 30 and 40 mg doses and came to normal levels. Lipoprotein and hormone sensitive lipases were reduced by the counteraction of increasing doses of abhrak bhasma.

Hábito de fumar y respuesta postrandial a una carga lipídica estandarizada en jóivenes fumadores de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2000 / Variation of HDL cholesterol (HDLc) and tryglicerides (TG) in a sample of young healthy individuals with tobacco expositions

Se ha demostrado ampliamente la asociación de niveles elevados de colesterol y triglicéridos, además de niveles bajos de colesterol HDL con riesgo elevado de aterosclerosis. Varios factores han mostrado afectar la lipemia postprandial, sin embargo, el tabaquismo ha sido poco estudiado en ese sentido. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si el tabaquismo alteraba las características de la lipemia postprandial, y si existía una relación entre la carga de la exposición al cigarrillo y la magnitud de dichas alteraciones. Todas las mediciones de triglicéridos (TG) fueron más altas en el grupo de fumadores que en el de no fumadores. Las personas que fuman presentan desde jóvenes alteraciones en la depuración posprandial de triglicéridos que se manifiestan inicialmente con la aparición de valores aumentados de triglicéridos entre cinco y seis horas después de la ingesta de grasas con respecto a quienes no fuman

Lipodistrofia parcial adquirida. Resistencia insulínica, actividad lipasa hepática y partículas LDL pequeñas y densas / Acquired partial lipodystrophy. Insulin resistance, hepatic lipase activity and small and dense LDL particles

La lipodistrofia parcial (LDP) es una alteración poco frecuente en la cual se observa pérdida simétrica de tejidos adiposo subcutáneo que afecta la parte superior o inferior del cuerpo. Ocasionalmente la LD se produce solamente en las extremidades. En todos los casos se manifiesta con acantosis nigricans (AN), resistencia insulínica y alteraciones del metabolismo de lípidos e hidratos de carbono. Sedescribe el caso de una mujer de 49 años portadora de LDP adquirida con la pérdida de tejido adiposo en cara y parte superior del cuerpo. No se observa obesidad en la parte inferior del cuerpo. La paciente presentó adelgazamiento facial a los 8 años, AN a los 11 años y diabetes gestacional durante el cuarto embarazo a los 33 años. No tiene antecedentes familiares. Actualmente se detectan hiperglucemia severas y marcada resistencia insulínica. Presenta hiperlipoproteinemia tipo IV (OMS), C-HDL y Apo A1 disminuídos con C-LDL bajo pero con alta proporción de partículas LDL pequeñas y densas. Los ácidos grasos no esterificados (AGNE) estan elevados. Las actividades de lipoprotein lipasa (LPL) y lipasa hepática (LH) se hallan en el límite inferior y elevada respectivamente. La fracción C3 del complemento está disminuída. No se hallaron mutaciones en los condones 170, 809 y 972 del receptor IRS-1, ni en el condon 276 del gen beta2-adrenérgico.

Lipoproteinas de muy baja densidad y subespecies de liproproteinas de densid intermedia en mujeres postmenopausicas / Very low density lipoproteins and subclasses of intermediate density lipoproteins in postmenopausal women

La mujer post-menopáusica presenta aumento de riesgo cardiovascular y paralelamente modificación del perfil lipoproteico con aumento de las lipoproteínas aterogénicas IDL y LDL. Nuestros objetivos fueron analizar la composición de las VLDL, IDL y sus subespecies IDL-1 e IDL-2, y la actividad de Lipoproteína Lipasa y Lipasa Hepática en un grupo de 12 MPM clínicamente sanas, en comparación con Controles fértiles. Los valores medios de colesterol-total y colesterol-LDL fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo MPM que en Controles (p < 0,005 y p < 0,001 respectivamente) mientras que el colesterol-HDL fue menor en las MPM (p < 0,02) aun cuando ninguna presentó colesterol-HDL menor de 35 mg/dl y la media fue de 50 mg/dl. Las MPM presentaron mayor concentraciión plasmática de VLDL, IDL total e IDL-2 que las Controles (p < 0,05, p < 0,005 y p < 0,001 respectivamente). La concentración plasmática de IDL-total fue mayor en MPM que en Controles (33,6 + 3,4 vs 22,6 + 0,8 mg/dl p < 0,005). El aumento de IDL se debió al incremento en IDL-2 que fue de 19,9 + 1,7 vs 11,5 + 0,8 mg/dl, p < 0,001. La subfracción IDL-2 fue el 60 + 2,6 por ciento de la total em MPM y el 51 + 2,0 por ciento en las Controles, p < 0,02. tanto en MPM como en Controles la relación triglicéridos/proteínas fue significativamente mayor en IDL-1 que en IDL-2 p < 0,005 y p < 0,01 respectivamente. Sin embargo, dicha relación no mostró diferencias significativas cuando se compararon VLDL, IDL total e IDL-2 de MPM vs Controles por lo que la mayor concentración plasmática indicaría un mayor número de partículas en el grupo de MPM vs las Controles. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la actividad de Lipasa Hepática y Lipoproteína Lipasa entre grupos. La Lipoproteína Lipasa mostró una correlación inversa significativa con los triglicéridos-IDL total y con los triglicéridos-IDL-2 (p < 0,05 en ambos casos) en el grupo Controles pero no en el grupo MPM. Se concluye que el análisis cuali y cuantitativo de las lipoproteínas muestra un perfil más aterogénico en el grupo MPM con aumento en la concentración y número de partículas de VLDL, IDL total e IDL-2.

Fisiopatologia da obesidade / Physiopatholofy of the obesity

Somente nos últimos anos o mundo científico compreendeu que a obesidade é síndrome, obedecendo portanto a várias causas. Embora bastante disseminada e com prevalência crescente no mundo sivilizado, a fisiopatologia do excesso de tecido adiposo é ainda sujeita a especulaçoes. O autor faz uma revisao sôbre o assunto, detendo-se em particular na ingestao alimentar, na calorigênese, na formaçao de gorduras e na oxidaçao das mesmas.

Carbohydrate-lipid interactions during gestation and their control by insulin

1. During the first two thirds of gestation, coinciding with a minimal accretion by the conceptus, the mother is in an anabolic state which is supported by her hyperphagia and the more efficient conservation of exogenous nutrients when she eats. During this phase maternal fat deposits are accumulated thanks to the enhancement in adipose tissue lipogenic and glycerolgenic activity. In contrast, in the latter part of gestation, the rapid fetal growth is sustained by the intense transfer of nutrients from maternal circulation. 2 Glucose is quantitatively the most abundant of the several substrates that cross the placenta and despite increased maternal gluconeogenesis this transfer is responsible for the maternal tendency to hypoglycemia. This causes a switch to a net catabolic state which is especially evident in the net breakdown of fat depots. 3. Enhanced release of adipose tissue lipolytic products, free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol, facilitates the liver synthesis of triglycerides and their later release into circulation associated to very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Glycerol is also used as an important gluconeogenic substrate and FFAs are broken down through ß-oxidation for ketone body synthesis. Flow through these pathways becomes increased when food is withheld and this actively contributes to the availability of fuels to the fetus which becomes partially preserved from maternal metabolic insult. Increased liver production of VLDL-triglycerides and decreased extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase contribute to exaggerated maternal hypertriglyceridemia which, besides being a floating metabolic reserve for emergency conditions such as starvation, constitutes an essential substrate for milk synthesis around parturition in preparation for lactation. 4. While the maternal anabolic tendencies found during the first two-thirds of gestation seem to be facilitated by hyperinsulinemia in the presence of a normal responsiveness to the hormone, it is proposed that most of the metabolic changes taking place during the last third of gestation seem to be caused by the insulin-resistant state which is consistently present at this stage, since its reversion caused by sustained exaggerated hyperinsulinemia also reverts several of these metabolic adaptations

Alterations of lipid kinetics and lipoprotein lipase activity in jaundiced tumor bearing rats

Obstructive jaundice is associated with high perioperative morbidity and mortality, and preoperative biliary decompression is still controversial. Profound alterations in intermediary metabolism have been observed with obstructive jaundice. To determine the effect of the common bile duct (CBD) obstruction on lipid metabolism in tumor-bearing animals, free fatty acid (FFA) and very low density lipoprotein-associated triglyceride (VLDL-TG) kinetics were assessed in 20 tumor bearing (subcutaneous MCA sarcoma) Fischer-344 rats, using an obstructive jaundice model. The animals were studied after chronic vascular catheterization, in an unanesthetized, undisturbed state. They were separated into 4 groups: Normal controls (CTL), Tumor-bearing non-jaundiced rats (TBR), Non Tumor Bearing-Jaundiced (NTB-J), Tumor Bearing (tumor burden: 1O per cent body weight)-Jaundiced (TBR-J). All rats were studied 7 days after CBD ligation, or at 1O per cent tumor burden. VLDL-TG and FFA kinetics were assessed by constant infusion of 3H-palmitate-labeled VLDL-TG, and l4C-palmitate bound to albumin, respectively. FFA rate of appearance (FFA-Ra) and clearance (FFA-CI), VLDL-TG rate of appearance (VLDL-TG-Ra) and clearance (VLDL-TG-CI) were determined at steady-states. Tumor burden signiricantly affects FFA-Ra and FFA-CI, as well as VLDL-TG-CI, while CBD ligation selectively affects VLDL-TG-Ra and VLDL-TG-CI. There was significant interaction between tumor burden and jaundice in FFA-Ra. CBD decompression increased significantly VLDL-TG-CI. We conclude that, in jaundiced tumor-bearing rats, tumor burden predominantly affects lipolysis, while CBD obstruction primarily affects triglyceride synthesis and clearance. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was also markedly decreased by the presence of jaundice and tumor burden, with the associated decrease in the clearance of VLDL-TG.

Impact of protein deficiency and exposure to hexachlorocyclohexane or malathion on lipid metabolism in pregnant rats.

Dietary intake of three oral doses of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (60 mg/kg body wt) or malathion (500 mg/kg) by normal and protein-deficient diet fed pregnant rats on the 6th, 10th and 14th day of gestation resulted in the impairment of lipid metabolism, viz. hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid contents in serum, brain, liver, kidney and uterus were increased significantly by HCH and malathion exposure, irrespective of the protein content in the diet. The incorporation of [1,2-14C]acetate into the hepatic lipids was stimulated by both HCH and malathion, suggesting a higher rate of lipid synthesis in the liver of normal and protein-deficient diet fed dams. The low protein content in the diet intensified the pesticide-induced changes and more severe alterations were noticed in HCH exposed dams than in malathion exposed dams.

Effect of hepatoprotective ayurvedic drugs on lipases following CCl4 induced hepatic injury in rats.

Effects of kumari asav, kumari kalp, arogyavardhini and tamra bhasma used in Ayurved and Siddha medicine for the treatment of liver disorders have been studied on acid, alkaline and lipoprotein lipase activities of liver, adipose tissue and kidney and hormone sensitive lipase activity of adipose tissue following CCl4 induced liver injury in albino rats. The treatments of CCl4 and the above drugs show significant alterations in the lipolytic activities of liver, adipose tissue and kidney. Role of these enzymes during hepatoprotection by above drugs has been discussed.

Effect of capsaicin on skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase in rats fed high fat diet.

A synthetic analogue of capsaicin (0.2 mg%) fed to female Wistar rats along with a high fat diet for 11 weeks, lowered adipose tissue weight and also liver and serum triglycerides. The compound elevated total post heparin plasma lipase and skeletal muscle lipase activities. The increase in the latter indicates the possible mechanism by which capsaicin enhances serum triglyceride uptake by muscle tissue and in turn lowers triglyceride levels. A single dose of capsaicin even at a much higher level failed to lower serum triglycerides emphasizing the necessity of continuous ingestion of capsaicin for exerting its hypolipidemic effect.

Pattern of enzyme changes in rabbits administered linamarin or potassium cyanide.

Diseases like tropical ataxic neuropathy and endemic goitre have been reported to have definite correlation with a chronic ingestion of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The toxicity of cassava has been attributed to its two cyanogenic glycosides, linamarin and lotaustralin. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the pattern of changes in certain clinically significant enzymes brought about by the chronic administration of sublethal doses of linamarin to rabbits. The profound elevation in rhodanese activity observed in the linamarin and cyanide treated rabbits indicated the attempt of the tissues to detoxify cyanide. That intact linamarin could be hydrolysed in vivo was a significant finding from the study. The mode of toxicity of linamarin was similar to that of cyanide by producing a gradual shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.

Actividad de lipasa de lipoproteínas cardiacas y niveles de lípidos serícos en ratas sometidas a shock eléctrico plantar / Heart lipoprotein lipase and serum lipid level in rats submitted to plantar electric shock

Se estudió la posible influencia del sistema inhibidor de la acción sobre el colesterol y los triglicéridos séricos y la actividad de lipasa de lipoproteínas (LPL) cardíaca. Se distribuyeron las ratas machos en 3 grupos: animales sometidos a shock eléctrico plantar (estimulados), animales movilizados diariamente a las jaulas de estimulación y controles. Estos últimos fueron sacrificados al principio del experimento. Se determinaron los parámetros estudiados a los 7, 14 y 21 días del comienzo. El colesterol sérico disminuyó significativamente en animales 7, 14 y 21 y en animales estimulados a los 14 y 21 días en relación con los controles. Los triglicéridos séricos estimulados a los 14 y 21 días en relación con los controles. Los triglicéridos séricos aumentaron significativamente en animales estimulados y movilizados a los 21 días. La actividad del LPL disminuyó significativamente en animales movilizados y controles. Si bien el sistema inhibidor de la acción puede estar involucrado en la disminución de la actividad LPL observada, no es probable que el shock eléctrico plantar pueda provocar alteraciones del colesterol y los triglicéridos sanguíneos

Lipasa de lipoproteínas en cerebro I: efecto de la colchicina in vivo e in vitro sobre la actividad de la enzima en la rata / Brain lipoprotein lipase I: in vivo and in vitro colchicine effect on the activity of the enzyme in the rat

Se estudiaron los cambios provocados por la colchicina y la heparina sobre la actividad de lipasa de lipoproteínas (LPL) del cerebro de rata. Además se explicó el efecto de la colchicina in vitro sobre la enzima. Se produjo un aumento significativo de la actividad LPL cerebral después de la administración de colchicina a animales alimentados y la heparina no ejerció efecto de depleción de la enzima en el tejido. In vitro, la colchicina disminuyó significativamente la actividad LPL, en ausencia o en presencia de heparina, en animales ayunados o alimentados. Se sugiere que la enzima del cerebro de rata es transportada hasta el endotelio capilar mediante el sistema neurotubular

Lipasa de lipoproteínas en cerebro. II. Ausencia de respuesta a la administración de 6-hidroxidopamina en el ratón / Cerebral lipoprotein lipase. II. Absence of response to 6-hydroxydopamine administration in the mouse

Se investigó el efecto de la administración seriada de 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) sobre la actividad de lipasa de lipoproteinas (PLP) cerebral en el ratón. La inyección intraperitoneal de 4 dosis (una por semana) de 6-OHDA, 100 mg/Kg de peso, no produjo efecto sobre la actividad de LPL cerebral ni cambios en la depleción enzimática del cerebro por la administración de heparina (100 UL/Kg de peso, vía intraperitoneal). La 6-OHDA tampoco ejerció efecto sobre la actividad LPL cerebral in vitro. Hubo una retención significativa (p<0,05) de la actividad LPL en el corazón después de la administración de heparina en animales inyectados previamente con 6-OHDA. Se sugiere la existencia de diferencias estructurales importantes entre las LPL de cerebro y corazón

Actividad de la lipasa de lipoproteínas en corazón y tejido adiposo epididimal de rata después de la inyección de intralipid / Lipoprotein lipase activity in heart and epididymal adipose tissue in rats after intralipid injection

Se investigó la respuesta aguda de las lipasas de lipoproteínas (LPL) de corazón y tejido adiposo epididimal de rata a una sobrecarga de triglicéridos (TG) administrada por vía endovenosa en forma de Intralipid 10%. En los animales ayunados previamente se observó una depresión significativa (p<0,01) en la actividad de la enzima de corazón al final de la primera hora que siguió a la administración de TG y una recuperación de dicha actividad al final del experimento (2h). En los animales alimentados hubo aumento mantenido de la actividad LPL de corazón todo el tiempo, hasta hacerse significativo al final de la segunda hora (p<0,02), acompañado de una disminución rápida de TG circulantes. La enzima de tejido adiposo epididimal de ratas ayunadas experimentó un aumento significativo en su actividad, detectado a los 60 min (p<0,05), que se mantuvo hasta el final del experimento (p<0,01). En las ratas alimentadas se produjo también un aumento (no significativo) en la actividad de LPL de tejido adiposo

Activídad de lipasa de lipoproteínas: aplicación de un método al tejido cerebral / Lipoprotein lipase activity: use of a method for brain tissues

Se expone un método para la determinación de actividad de la lipasa de lipoproteínas (LPL) en cerebro de rata. El método es una ligera modificación de otro empleado en la detección de la actividad LPL en corazón y tejido adiposo epididimal de rata. El análisis de varianza de la regresión mostró buena linealidad para actividad enzimática vs. cantidad de tejido (p<0,05) y actividad enzimática vs. tiempo (p<0,005) en los rangos investigados. Los coeficientes de correlación fueron r = 0,967 y r = 0,980 respectivamente. El cloruro de sodio y el sulfato de protamina inhibieron significativamente a la LPL cerebral (p = 0,025) a concentraciones de 1 M y 1 mg/ml de medio de incubación, respectivamente